留学生在英国求学期间几乎每天都会与英文论文打交道,英文论文这个概念实际上包含的种类很多,大体上都称作“英文论文”,其实,这个term包括了essay,paper,report,research proposal,thesis,dissertation以及literature review.它们的写法,有些微小的区别,打个比方,report就和essay不一样。本文我们主要为大家分析该如何写essay.
Essay是一般意义上的英文论文,总体上分为introduction,main body和conclusion三个部分。
Report分为executive summary,introduction,main body,conclusion和recommendations。这种区别是由report本身的特点决定的,report旨在找到problems,并针对其给出相应的recommendations.
写以上所有类型的英文论文都需要从introduction开始,那么怎么写introduction呢,一般来说,按照这样的套路写,就不会有大问题:
Lead-in→background/context→reference to relevant studies/literature→critical analysis→thesis statement/main argument→organization/layout of the writing,下面用一个具体例子来说明。
introduction过后,就是main body,body部分是由几个paragraphs构成的,那么每个paragraph怎么写呢,一般来说,paragraph writing包含以下四点:
A linking word(a word or short phrase that signposts to the reader what is now about to be written is linked to what has been written in the previous paragraph;
An opening statement that informs the reader of what the paragraph will be about(known as a“topic sentence”);
Between 2-3 controlling ideas(ofen,these are opinions/points of view);
It must be demonstrated why each controlling idea has been mentioned(why you think this idea is important).
举个例子,假如下面的这个事introduction:
essay introduction写作举例
那么,接下来的一个paragraph可以是:
essay paragraph
这段话,遵循的“套路”就是:
linking word+topic sentence+controlling idea+why important
body部分完了就是conclusion,conclusion相对简单,主要由两部分组成:
reworded thesis statement+clincher
essay conclusion的作用
Reworded thesis statement
作用:remainds readers of the main point of the writing
方法:similar to the reworded topic sentence that one works with on the one-paragraph essay.
Clincher
作用:to give readers a sense of finality
方法:resonate with the motivator in introduction
注:conclusion一般情况下只能有一段话。
有个必须要注意的问题:老师把抄袭现象视为违反了academic integrity,一旦被发现,轻则给低分或者要求重写,重则给0分甚至开除学校。所以,一定要学会把references的有用信息进行paraphrasing,不可直接引用过多甚至直接复制粘贴,因为任何的抄袭都逃不过turnitin的检测。